New methods to constrain the radio transient rate: results from a survey of four fields with LOFAR.
Identifieur interne : 001A46 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 001A45; suivant : 001A47New methods to constrain the radio transient rate: results from a survey of four fields with LOFAR.
Auteurs : D. Carbone [Pays-Bas] ; A J Van Der Horst [États-Unis] ; R A M J. Wijers [Pays-Bas] ; J D Swinbank [États-Unis] ; A. Rowlinson [Pays-Bas] ; J W Broderick [Royaume-Uni] ; Y N Cendes [Pays-Bas] ; A J Stewart [Royaume-Uni] ; M E Bell [Australie] ; R P Breton [Royaume-Uni] ; S. Corbel [France] ; J. Eislöffel [Allemagne] ; R P Fender [Royaume-Uni] ; J-M Grie Meier [France] ; J W T. Hessels [Pays-Bas] ; P. Jonker [Pays-Bas] ; M. Kramer [Allemagne] ; C J Law [États-Unis] ; J C A. Miller-Jones [Australie] ; M. Pietka [Royaume-Uni] ; L H A. Scheers [Pays-Bas] ; B W Stappers [Royaume-Uni] ; J. Van Leeuwen [Pays-Bas] ; R. Wijnands [Pays-Bas] ; M. Wise [Pays-Bas] ; P. Zarka [France]Source :
- Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society [ 0035-8711 ] ; 2016.
Abstract
We report on the results of a search for radio transients between 115 and 190 MHz with the LOw-Frequency ARray (LOFAR). Four fields have been monitored with cadences between 15 min and several months. A total of 151 images were obtained, giving a total survey area of 2275 deg(2). We analysed our data using standard LOFAR tools and searched for radio transients using the LOFAR Transients Pipeline. No credible radio transient candidate has been detected; however, we are able to set upper limits on the surface density of radio transient sources at low radio frequencies. We also show that low-frequency radio surveys are more sensitive to steep-spectrum coherent transient sources than GHz radio surveys. We used two new statistical methods to determine the upper limits on the transient surface density. One is free of assumptions on the flux distribution of the sources, while the other assumes a power-law distribution in flux and sets more stringent constraints on the transient surface density. Both of these methods provide better constraints than the approach used in previous works. The best value for the upper limit we can set for the transient surface density, using the method assuming a power-law flux distribution, is 1.3 × 10(-3) deg(-2) for transients brighter than 0.3 Jy with a time-scale of 15 min, at a frequency of 150 MHz. We also calculated for the first time upper limits for the transient surface density for transients of different time-scales. We find that the results can differ by orders of magnitude from previously reported, simplified estimates.
DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stw539
PubMed: 27279785
Affiliations:
- Allemagne, Australie, France, Pays-Bas, Royaume-Uni, États-Unis
- Angleterre, Californie, District de Cologne, District de Columbia, Grand Manchester, Hollande-Septentrionale, New Jersey, Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie
- Amsterdam, Bonn, Manchester, Sydney
- Université d'Amsterdam, Université de Manchester, Université de Sydney
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Carbone</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Postbus 94249, NL-1090 GE Amsterdam, the Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Postbus 94249, NL-1090 GE Amsterdam</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université d'Amsterdam</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Amsterdam</settlement><region>Hollande-Septentrionale</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Horst, A J" sort="Van Der Horst, A J" uniqKey="Van Der Horst A" first="A J" last="Van Der Horst">A J Van Der Horst</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Postbus 94249, NL-1090 GE Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Physics, The George Washington University, 725 21 Street NW, Washington, DC 20052, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Postbus 94249, NL-1090 GE Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Physics, The George Washington University, 725 21 Street NW, Washington, DC 20052</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">District de Columbia</region><settlement type="city">Amsterdam</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université d'Amsterdam</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wijers, R A M J" sort="Wijers, R A M J" uniqKey="Wijers R" first="R A M J" last="Wijers">R A M J. 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Corbel</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratoire AIM (CEA/IRFU - CNRS/INSU - Université Paris Diderot), CEA DSM/IRFU/SAp, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Station de Radioastronomie de Nançay, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS/INSU, USR 704 - Univ. Orléans, OSUC, F-18330 Nançay, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire AIM (CEA/IRFU - CNRS/INSU - Université Paris Diderot), CEA DSM/IRFU/SAp, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Station de Radioastronomie de Nançay, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS/INSU, USR 704 - Univ. Orléans, OSUC, F-18330 Nançay</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>18330 Nançay</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>18330 Nançay</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Eisloffel, J" sort="Eisloffel, J" uniqKey="Eisloffel J" first="J" last="Eislöffel">J. 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Orléans, OSUC, F-18330 Nançay, France; Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace, LPC2E UMR 7328 CNRS, F-45071 Orléans, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Station de Radioastronomie de Nançay, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS/INSU, USR 704 - Univ. Orléans, OSUC, F-18330 Nançay, France; Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace, LPC2E UMR 7328 CNRS, F-45071 Orléans</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>45071 Orléans</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>45071 Orléans</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hessels, J W T" sort="Hessels, J W T" uniqKey="Hessels J" first="J W T" last="Hessels">J W T. Hessels</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Postbus 94249, NL-1090 GE Amsterdam, the Netherlands; ASTRON, The Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, NL-7990 AA Dwingeloo, the Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Postbus 94249, NL-1090 GE Amsterdam, the Netherlands; ASTRON, The Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, NL-7990 AA Dwingeloo</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université d'Amsterdam</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Amsterdam</settlement><region>Hollande-Septentrionale</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jonker, P" sort="Jonker, P" uniqKey="Jonker P" first="P" last="Jonker">P. Jonker</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>SRON, Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Sorbonnelaan 2, NL-3584-CA Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9010, NL-6500 GL Nijmegen, the Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>SRON, Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Sorbonnelaan 2, NL-3584-CA Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9010, NL-6500 GL Nijmegen</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>NL-6500 GL Nijmegen</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kramer, M" sort="Kramer, M" uniqKey="Kramer M" first="M" last="Kramer">M. Kramer</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Cologne</region><settlement type="city">Bonn</settlement><settlement type="city">Manchester</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de Manchester</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Law, C J" sort="Law, C J" uniqKey="Law C" first="C J" last="Law">C J Law</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Astronomy and Radio Astronomy Lab, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Astronomy and Radio Astronomy Lab, University of California, Berkeley, CA</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Miller Jones, J C A" sort="Miller Jones, J C A" uniqKey="Miller Jones J" first="J C A" last="Miller-Jones">J C A. Miller-Jones</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>WA 6845</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pietka, M" sort="Pietka, M" uniqKey="Pietka M" first="M" last="Pietka">M. Pietka</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Oxford Astrophysics, Denys Wilkinson Building, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Oxford Astrophysics, Denys Wilkinson Building, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Oxford OX1 3RH</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Scheers, L H A" sort="Scheers, L H A" uniqKey="Scheers L" first="L H A" last="Scheers">L H A. Scheers</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Postbus 94249, NL-1090 GE Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica, PO Box 94079, NL-1090 GB Amsterdam, the Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Postbus 94249, NL-1090 GE Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica, PO Box 94079, NL-1090 GB Amsterdam</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université d'Amsterdam</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Amsterdam</settlement><region>Hollande-Septentrionale</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stappers, B W" sort="Stappers, B W" uniqKey="Stappers B" first="B W" last="Stappers">B W Stappers</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Manchester</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Manchester</settlement><region type="nation">Angleterre</region><region nuts="2" type="region">Grand Manchester</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Leeuwen, J" sort="Van Leeuwen, J" uniqKey="Van Leeuwen J" first="J" last="Van Leeuwen">J. Van Leeuwen</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Postbus 94249, NL-1090 GE Amsterdam, the Netherlands; ASTRON, The Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, NL-7990 AA Dwingeloo, the Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Postbus 94249, NL-1090 GE Amsterdam, the Netherlands; ASTRON, The Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, NL-7990 AA Dwingeloo</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université d'Amsterdam</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Amsterdam</settlement><region>Hollande-Septentrionale</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wijnands, R" sort="Wijnands, R" uniqKey="Wijnands R" first="R" last="Wijnands">R. Wijnands</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Postbus 94249, NL-1090 GE Amsterdam, the Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Postbus 94249, NL-1090 GE Amsterdam</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université d'Amsterdam</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Amsterdam</settlement><region>Hollande-Septentrionale</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wise, M" sort="Wise, M" uniqKey="Wise M" first="M" last="Wise">M. Wise</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Postbus 94249, NL-1090 GE Amsterdam, the Netherlands; ASTRON, The Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, NL-7990 AA Dwingeloo, the Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Postbus 94249, NL-1090 GE Amsterdam, the Netherlands; ASTRON, The Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, NL-7990 AA Dwingeloo</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université d'Amsterdam</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Amsterdam</settlement><region>Hollande-Septentrionale</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zarka, P" sort="Zarka, P" uniqKey="Zarka P" first="P" last="Zarka">P. Zarka</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS, UPMC, Université Paris-Diderot, 5 place Jules Janssen, F-92195 Meudon, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS, UPMC, Université Paris-Diderot, 5 place Jules Janssen, F-92195 Meudon</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>92195 Meudon</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>92195 Meudon</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:27279785</idno><idno type="pmid">27279785</idno><idno type="doi">10.1093/mnras/stw539</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Corpus">002093</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">002093</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Curation">002068</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Curation">002068</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Checkpoint">002068</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Checkpoint" wicri:step="PubMed">002068</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Merge">003670</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Curation">003670</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Checkpoint">003670</idno><idno type="wicri:doubleKey">0035-8711:2016:Carbone D:new:methods:to</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Merge">001A42</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Curation">001A46</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Exploration">001A46</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">New methods to constrain the radio transient rate: results from a survey of four fields with LOFAR.</title><author><name sortKey="Carbone, D" sort="Carbone, D" uniqKey="Carbone D" first="D" last="Carbone">D. Carbone</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Postbus 94249, NL-1090 GE Amsterdam, the Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Postbus 94249, NL-1090 GE Amsterdam</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université d'Amsterdam</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Amsterdam</settlement><region>Hollande-Septentrionale</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Horst, A J" sort="Van Der Horst, A J" uniqKey="Van Der Horst A" first="A J" last="Van Der Horst">A J Van Der Horst</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Postbus 94249, NL-1090 GE Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Physics, The George Washington University, 725 21 Street NW, Washington, DC 20052, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Postbus 94249, NL-1090 GE Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Physics, The George Washington University, 725 21 Street NW, Washington, DC 20052</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">District de Columbia</region><settlement type="city">Amsterdam</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université d'Amsterdam</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wijers, R A M J" sort="Wijers, R A M J" uniqKey="Wijers R" first="R A M J" last="Wijers">R A M J. Wijers</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Postbus 94249, NL-1090 GE Amsterdam, the Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Postbus 94249, NL-1090 GE Amsterdam</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université d'Amsterdam</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Amsterdam</settlement><region>Hollande-Septentrionale</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Swinbank, J D" sort="Swinbank, J D" uniqKey="Swinbank J" first="J D" last="Swinbank">J D Swinbank</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Postbus 94249, NL-1090 GE Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Postbus 94249, NL-1090 GE Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">New Jersey</region><settlement type="city">Amsterdam</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université d'Amsterdam</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rowlinson, A" sort="Rowlinson, A" uniqKey="Rowlinson A" first="A" last="Rowlinson">A. Rowlinson</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Postbus 94249, NL-1090 GE Amsterdam, the Netherlands; CSIRO Australia Telescope National Facility, PO Box 76, Epping NSW 1710, Australia; ASTRON, The Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, NL-7990 AA Dwingeloo, the Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Postbus 94249, NL-1090 GE Amsterdam, the Netherlands; CSIRO Australia Telescope National Facility, PO Box 76, Epping NSW 1710, Australia; ASTRON, The Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, NL-7990 AA Dwingeloo</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université d'Amsterdam</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Amsterdam</settlement><region>Hollande-Septentrionale</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Broderick, J W" sort="Broderick, J W" uniqKey="Broderick J" first="J W" last="Broderick">J W Broderick</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>ASTRON, The Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, NL-7990 AA Dwingeloo, the Netherlands; Oxford Astrophysics, Denys Wilkinson Building, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK; Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>ASTRON, The Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, NL-7990 AA Dwingeloo, the Netherlands; Oxford Astrophysics, Denys Wilkinson Building, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK; Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Southampton SO17 1BJ</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cendes, Y N" sort="Cendes, Y N" uniqKey="Cendes Y" first="Y N" last="Cendes">Y N Cendes</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Postbus 94249, NL-1090 GE Amsterdam, the Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Postbus 94249, NL-1090 GE Amsterdam</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université d'Amsterdam</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Amsterdam</settlement><region>Hollande-Septentrionale</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stewart, A J" sort="Stewart, A J" uniqKey="Stewart A" first="A J" last="Stewart">A J Stewart</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Oxford Astrophysics, Denys Wilkinson Building, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Oxford Astrophysics, Denys Wilkinson Building, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Oxford OX1 3RH</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bell, M E" sort="Bell, M E" uniqKey="Bell M" first="M E" last="Bell">M E Bell</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>CSIRO Australia Telescope National Facility, PO Box 76, Epping NSW 1710, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for All-sky Astrophysics (CAASTRO), The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>CSIRO Australia Telescope National Facility, PO Box 76, Epping NSW 1710, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for All-sky Astrophysics (CAASTRO), The University of Sydney, NSW 2006</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Sydney</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Sydney</settlement><region type="état">Nouvelle-Galles du Sud</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Breton, R P" sort="Breton, R P" uniqKey="Breton R" first="R P" last="Breton">R P Breton</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Manchester</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Manchester</settlement><region type="nation">Angleterre</region><region nuts="2" type="region">Grand Manchester</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Corbel, S" sort="Corbel, S" uniqKey="Corbel S" first="S" last="Corbel">S. Corbel</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratoire AIM (CEA/IRFU - CNRS/INSU - Université Paris Diderot), CEA DSM/IRFU/SAp, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Station de Radioastronomie de Nançay, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS/INSU, USR 704 - Univ. Orléans, OSUC, F-18330 Nançay, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire AIM (CEA/IRFU - CNRS/INSU - Université Paris Diderot), CEA DSM/IRFU/SAp, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Station de Radioastronomie de Nançay, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS/INSU, USR 704 - Univ. Orléans, OSUC, F-18330 Nançay</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>18330 Nançay</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>18330 Nançay</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Eisloffel, J" sort="Eisloffel, J" uniqKey="Eisloffel J" first="J" last="Eislöffel">J. Eislöffel</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Thüringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg, Sternwarte 5, D-07778 Tautenburg, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Thüringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg, Sternwarte 5, D-07778 Tautenburg</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>07778 Tautenburg</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>07778 Tautenburg</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>D-07778 Tautenburg</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fender, R P" sort="Fender, R P" uniqKey="Fender R" first="R P" last="Fender">R P Fender</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Oxford Astrophysics, Denys Wilkinson Building, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Oxford Astrophysics, Denys Wilkinson Building, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Oxford OX1 3RH</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Grie Meier, J M" sort="Grie Meier, J M" uniqKey="Grie Meier J" first="J-M" last="Grie Meier">J-M Grie Meier</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Station de Radioastronomie de Nançay, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS/INSU, USR 704 - Univ. Orléans, OSUC, F-18330 Nançay, France; Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace, LPC2E UMR 7328 CNRS, F-45071 Orléans, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Station de Radioastronomie de Nançay, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS/INSU, USR 704 - Univ. Orléans, OSUC, F-18330 Nançay, France; Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace, LPC2E UMR 7328 CNRS, F-45071 Orléans</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>45071 Orléans</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>45071 Orléans</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hessels, J W T" sort="Hessels, J W T" uniqKey="Hessels J" first="J W T" last="Hessels">J W T. Hessels</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Postbus 94249, NL-1090 GE Amsterdam, the Netherlands; ASTRON, The Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, NL-7990 AA Dwingeloo, the Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Postbus 94249, NL-1090 GE Amsterdam, the Netherlands; ASTRON, The Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, NL-7990 AA Dwingeloo</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université d'Amsterdam</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Amsterdam</settlement><region>Hollande-Septentrionale</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jonker, P" sort="Jonker, P" uniqKey="Jonker P" first="P" last="Jonker">P. Jonker</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>SRON, Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Sorbonnelaan 2, NL-3584-CA Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9010, NL-6500 GL Nijmegen, the Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>SRON, Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Sorbonnelaan 2, NL-3584-CA Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9010, NL-6500 GL Nijmegen</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>NL-6500 GL Nijmegen</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kramer, M" sort="Kramer, M" uniqKey="Kramer M" first="M" last="Kramer">M. Kramer</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Cologne</region><settlement type="city">Bonn</settlement><settlement type="city">Manchester</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de Manchester</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Law, C J" sort="Law, C J" uniqKey="Law C" first="C J" last="Law">C J Law</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Astronomy and Radio Astronomy Lab, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Astronomy and Radio Astronomy Lab, University of California, Berkeley, CA</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Miller Jones, J C A" sort="Miller Jones, J C A" uniqKey="Miller Jones J" first="J C A" last="Miller-Jones">J C A. Miller-Jones</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>WA 6845</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pietka, M" sort="Pietka, M" uniqKey="Pietka M" first="M" last="Pietka">M. Pietka</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Oxford Astrophysics, Denys Wilkinson Building, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Oxford Astrophysics, Denys Wilkinson Building, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Oxford OX1 3RH</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Scheers, L H A" sort="Scheers, L H A" uniqKey="Scheers L" first="L H A" last="Scheers">L H A. Scheers</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Postbus 94249, NL-1090 GE Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica, PO Box 94079, NL-1090 GB Amsterdam, the Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Postbus 94249, NL-1090 GE Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica, PO Box 94079, NL-1090 GB Amsterdam</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université d'Amsterdam</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Amsterdam</settlement><region>Hollande-Septentrionale</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stappers, B W" sort="Stappers, B W" uniqKey="Stappers B" first="B W" last="Stappers">B W Stappers</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Manchester</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Manchester</settlement><region type="nation">Angleterre</region><region nuts="2" type="region">Grand Manchester</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Leeuwen, J" sort="Van Leeuwen, J" uniqKey="Van Leeuwen J" first="J" last="Van Leeuwen">J. Van Leeuwen</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Postbus 94249, NL-1090 GE Amsterdam, the Netherlands; ASTRON, The Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, NL-7990 AA Dwingeloo, the Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Postbus 94249, NL-1090 GE Amsterdam, the Netherlands; ASTRON, The Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, NL-7990 AA Dwingeloo</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université d'Amsterdam</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Amsterdam</settlement><region>Hollande-Septentrionale</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wijnands, R" sort="Wijnands, R" uniqKey="Wijnands R" first="R" last="Wijnands">R. Wijnands</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Postbus 94249, NL-1090 GE Amsterdam, the Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Postbus 94249, NL-1090 GE Amsterdam</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université d'Amsterdam</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Amsterdam</settlement><region>Hollande-Septentrionale</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wise, M" sort="Wise, M" uniqKey="Wise M" first="M" last="Wise">M. Wise</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Postbus 94249, NL-1090 GE Amsterdam, the Netherlands; ASTRON, The Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, NL-7990 AA Dwingeloo, the Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Postbus 94249, NL-1090 GE Amsterdam, the Netherlands; ASTRON, The Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, NL-7990 AA Dwingeloo</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université d'Amsterdam</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Amsterdam</settlement><region>Hollande-Septentrionale</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zarka, P" sort="Zarka, P" uniqKey="Zarka P" first="P" last="Zarka">P. Zarka</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS, UPMC, Université Paris-Diderot, 5 place Jules Janssen, F-92195 Meudon, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS, UPMC, Université Paris-Diderot, 5 place Jules Janssen, F-92195 Meudon</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>92195 Meudon</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>92195 Meudon</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</title><idno type="ISSN">0035-8711</idno><imprint><date when="2016" type="published">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">We report on the results of a search for radio transients between 115 and 190 MHz with the LOw-Frequency ARray (LOFAR). Four fields have been monitored with cadences between 15 min and several months. A total of 151 images were obtained, giving a total survey area of 2275 deg(2). We analysed our data using standard LOFAR tools and searched for radio transients using the LOFAR Transients Pipeline. No credible radio transient candidate has been detected; however, we are able to set upper limits on the surface density of radio transient sources at low radio frequencies. We also show that low-frequency radio surveys are more sensitive to steep-spectrum coherent transient sources than GHz radio surveys. We used two new statistical methods to determine the upper limits on the transient surface density. One is free of assumptions on the flux distribution of the sources, while the other assumes a power-law distribution in flux and sets more stringent constraints on the transient surface density. Both of these methods provide better constraints than the approach used in previous works. The best value for the upper limit we can set for the transient surface density, using the method assuming a power-law flux distribution, is 1.3 × 10(-3) deg(-2) for transients brighter than 0.3 Jy with a time-scale of 15 min, at a frequency of 150 MHz. We also calculated for the first time upper limits for the transient surface density for transients of different time-scales. We find that the results can differ by orders of magnitude from previously reported, simplified estimates.</div></front></TEI><affiliations><list><country><li>Allemagne</li><li>Australie</li><li>France</li><li>Pays-Bas</li><li>Royaume-Uni</li><li>États-Unis</li></country><region><li>Angleterre</li><li>Californie</li><li>District de Cologne</li><li>District de Columbia</li><li>Grand Manchester</li><li>Hollande-Septentrionale</li><li>New Jersey</li><li>Nouvelle-Galles du Sud</li><li>Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie</li></region><settlement><li>Amsterdam</li><li>Bonn</li><li>Manchester</li><li>Sydney</li></settlement><orgName><li>Université d'Amsterdam</li><li>Université de Manchester</li><li>Université de Sydney</li></orgName></list><tree><country name="Pays-Bas"><region name="Hollande-Septentrionale"><name sortKey="Carbone, D" sort="Carbone, D" uniqKey="Carbone D" first="D" last="Carbone">D. Carbone</name></region><name sortKey="Cendes, Y N" sort="Cendes, Y N" uniqKey="Cendes Y" first="Y N" last="Cendes">Y N Cendes</name><name sortKey="Hessels, J W T" sort="Hessels, J W T" uniqKey="Hessels J" first="J W T" last="Hessels">J W T. Hessels</name><name sortKey="Jonker, P" sort="Jonker, P" uniqKey="Jonker P" first="P" last="Jonker">P. Jonker</name><name sortKey="Rowlinson, A" sort="Rowlinson, A" uniqKey="Rowlinson A" first="A" last="Rowlinson">A. Rowlinson</name><name sortKey="Scheers, L H A" sort="Scheers, L H A" uniqKey="Scheers L" first="L H A" last="Scheers">L H A. Scheers</name><name sortKey="Van Leeuwen, J" sort="Van Leeuwen, J" uniqKey="Van Leeuwen J" first="J" last="Van Leeuwen">J. Van Leeuwen</name><name sortKey="Wijers, R A M J" sort="Wijers, R A M J" uniqKey="Wijers R" first="R A M J" last="Wijers">R A M J. Wijers</name><name sortKey="Wijnands, R" sort="Wijnands, R" uniqKey="Wijnands R" first="R" last="Wijnands">R. Wijnands</name><name sortKey="Wise, M" sort="Wise, M" uniqKey="Wise M" first="M" last="Wise">M. Wise</name></country><country name="États-Unis"><region name="District de Columbia"><name sortKey="Van Der Horst, A J" sort="Van Der Horst, A J" uniqKey="Van Der Horst A" first="A J" last="Van Der Horst">A J Van Der Horst</name></region><name sortKey="Law, C J" sort="Law, C J" uniqKey="Law C" first="C J" last="Law">C J Law</name><name sortKey="Swinbank, J D" sort="Swinbank, J D" uniqKey="Swinbank J" first="J D" last="Swinbank">J D Swinbank</name></country><country name="Royaume-Uni"><noRegion><name sortKey="Broderick, J W" sort="Broderick, J W" uniqKey="Broderick J" first="J W" last="Broderick">J W Broderick</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Breton, R P" sort="Breton, R P" uniqKey="Breton R" first="R P" last="Breton">R P Breton</name><name sortKey="Fender, R P" sort="Fender, R P" uniqKey="Fender R" first="R P" last="Fender">R P Fender</name><name sortKey="Pietka, M" sort="Pietka, M" uniqKey="Pietka M" first="M" last="Pietka">M. Pietka</name><name sortKey="Stappers, B W" sort="Stappers, B W" uniqKey="Stappers B" first="B W" last="Stappers">B W Stappers</name><name sortKey="Stewart, A J" sort="Stewart, A J" uniqKey="Stewart A" first="A J" last="Stewart">A J Stewart</name></country><country name="Australie"><region name="Nouvelle-Galles du Sud"><name sortKey="Bell, M E" sort="Bell, M E" uniqKey="Bell M" first="M E" last="Bell">M E Bell</name></region><name sortKey="Miller Jones, J C A" sort="Miller Jones, J C A" uniqKey="Miller Jones J" first="J C A" last="Miller-Jones">J C A. Miller-Jones</name></country><country name="France"><noRegion><name sortKey="Corbel, S" sort="Corbel, S" uniqKey="Corbel S" first="S" last="Corbel">S. Corbel</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Grie Meier, J M" sort="Grie Meier, J M" uniqKey="Grie Meier J" first="J-M" last="Grie Meier">J-M Grie Meier</name><name sortKey="Zarka, P" sort="Zarka, P" uniqKey="Zarka P" first="P" last="Zarka">P. Zarka</name></country><country name="Allemagne"><noRegion><name sortKey="Eisloffel, J" sort="Eisloffel, J" uniqKey="Eisloffel J" first="J" last="Eislöffel">J. Eislöffel</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Kramer, M" sort="Kramer, M" uniqKey="Kramer M" first="M" last="Kramer">M. Kramer</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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